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NEW QUESTION # 56
Exhibit
Referring to the exhibit, PE-1 and PE-2 are getting route updates for VPN-B when neither of them service that VPN Which two actions would optimize this process? (Choose two.)
- A. Configure the resolution rib bgp.l3vpn.O resolution-ribs inet. 0 Statement on the RR
- B. Configure the family route-target statement on the RR
- C. Configure the resolution rib bgp . 13vpn . 0 resolution-ribs inet. 0 Statement on the PEs.
- D. Configure the family route-target statement on the PEs.
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
Explanation
BGP route target filtering is a technique that reduces the number of routers that receive VPN routes and route updates, helping to limit the amount of overhead associated with running a VPN. BGP route target filtering is based on the exchange of the route-target address family, which contains information about the VPN membership of each PE device. Based on this information, a PE device can decide whether to accept or reject VPN routes from another PE device.
BGP route target filtering can be configured on PE devices or on route reflectors (RRs). Configuring BGP route target filtering on RRs is more efficient and scalable, as it reduces the number of BGP sessions and updates between PE devices. To configure BGP route target filtering on RRs, the following steps are required:
* Configure the family route-target statement under the BGP group or neighbor configuration on the RRs.
This enables the exchange of the route-target address family between the RRs and their clients (PE devices).
* Configure the resolution rib bgp.l3vpn.0 resolution-ribs inet.0 statement under the routing-options configuration on the RRs. This enables the RRs to resolve next hops for VPN routes using the inet.0 routing table.
* Configure an export policy for BGP route target filtering under the routing-options configuration on the RRs. This policy controls which route targets are advertised to each PE device based on their VPN membership.
NEW QUESTION # 57
Exhibit.
Referring to the exhibit; the 10.0.0.0/24 EBGP route is received on R5; however, the route is being hidden.
What are two solutions that will solve this problem? (Choose two.)
- A. On R4, create a policy to change the BGP next hop to 172.16.1.1 and apply it to IBGP as an export policy
- B. Add the external interface prefix to the IGP routing tables
- C. Add the internal interface prefix to the BGP routing tables.
- D. On R4, create a policy to change the BGP next hop to itself and apply it to IBGP as an export policy
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
the default behavior for iBGP is to propagate EBGP-learned prefixes without changing the next-hop. This can cause issues if the next-hop is not reachable via the IGP. One solution is to use the next-hop self command on R4, which will change the next-hop attribute to its own loopback address. This way, R5 can reach the next-hop via the IGP and install the route in its routing table.
Another solution is to add the external interface prefix (120.0.4.16/30) to the IGP routing tables of R4 and R5.
This will also make the next-hop reachable via the IGP and allow R5 to use the route. According to 2, this is a possible workaround for a pure IP network, but it may not work well for an MPLS network.
The reason why the route is being hidden is that R5 cannot reach the BGP next hop 10.0.0.1, which is the address of R1. R5 does not have a route to 10.0.0.0/24 in its routing table, and neither does R4. Therefore, R5 cannot resolve the BGP next hop and marks the route as hidden.
There are two solutions that will solve this problem:
Option A: On R4, create a policy to change the BGP next hop to itself and apply it to IBGP as an export policy. This way, R5 will receive the route with a next hop of 172.16.1.2, which is reachable via the IGP. This solution is also known as next-hop-self1.
Option B: Add the external interface prefix to the IGP routing tables. This way, R4 and R5 will learn a route to 10.0.0.0/24 via the IGP and be able to resolve the BGP next hop. This solution is also known as recursive lookup2.
Option C is not correct because adding the internal interface prefix to the BGP routing tables will not help R5 reach the BGP next hop 10.0.0.1.
Option D is not correct because changing the BGP next hop to 172.16.1.1 on R4 will not help R5 either, since R5 does not have a route to 172.16.1.1 in its routing table.
References: 1: Configuring Next-Hop-Self for IBGP Peers 2: Understanding Recursive Lookup
NEW QUESTION # 58
Exhibit
Click the Exhibit button-Referring to the exhibit, which two statements are correct about BGP routes on R3 that are learned from the ISP-A neighbor? (Choose two.)
- A. By default, the next-hop value for these routes is not changed by ISP-A before being sent to R3.
- B. The BGP local-preference value that is used by ISP-A is not advertised to R3.
- C. All BGP attribute values must be removed before receiving the routes.
- D. The next-hop value for these routes is changed by ISP-A before being sent to R3.
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
BGP is an exterior gateway protocol that uses path vector routing to exchange routing information among autonomous systems. BGP uses various attributes to select the best path to each destination and to propagate routing policies. Some of the common BGP attributes are AS path, next hop, local preference, MED, origin, weight, and community. BGP attributes can be classified into four categories: well-known mandatory, well-known discretionary, optional transitive, and optional nontransitive. Well-known mandatory attributes are attributes that must be present in every BGP update message and must be recognized by every BGP speaker.
Well-known discretionary attributes are attributes that may or may not be present in a BGP update message but must be recognized by every BGP speaker. Optional transitive attributes are attributes that may or may not be present in a BGP update message and may or may not be recognized by a BGP speaker. If an optional transitive attribute is not recognized by a BGP speaker, it is passed along to the next BGP speaker. Optional nontransitive attributes are attributes that may or may not be present in a BGP update message and may or may not be recognized by a BGP speaker. If an optional nontransitive attribute is not recognized by a BGP speaker, it is not passed along to the next BGP speaker. In this question, we have four routers (R1, R2, R3, and R4) that are connected in a full mesh topology and running IBGP. R3 receives the 192.168.0.0/16 route from its EBGP neighbor and advertises it to R1 and R4 with different BGP attribute values. We are asked which statements are correct about the BGP routes on R3 that are learned from the ISP-A neighbor. Based on the information given, we can infer that the correct statements are:
By default, the next-hop value for these routes is not changed by ISP-A before being sent to R3. This is because the default behavior of EBGP is to preserve the next-hop attribute of the routes received from another EBGP neighbor. The next-hop attribute indicates the IP address of the router that should be used as the next hop to reach the destination network.
The BGP local-preference value that is used by ISP-A is not advertised to R3. This is because the local-preference attribute is a well-known discretionary attribute that is used to influence the outbound traffic from an autonomous system. The local-preference attribute is only propagated within an autonomous system and is not advertised to external neighbors.
References: : https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/border-gateway-protocol-bgp/13753-25.html :
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/border-gateway-protocol-bgp/13762-40.html :
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/border-gateway-protocol-bgp/13759-37.html
NEW QUESTION # 59
Exhibit
You have MAC addresses moving in your EVPN environment
Referring to the exhibit, which two statements are correct about the sequence number? (Choose two)
- A. It identifies MAC addresses that should be discarded.
- B. It resolves conflicting MAC address ownership claims.
- C. It is advertised using a Type 2 message
- D. It helps the local PE to identify the latest advertisement.
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
Explanation
The sequence number is a field in the MAC mobility extended community that is used to resolve conflicting MAC address ownership claims and to help the local PE to identify the latest advertisement. The sequence number is incremented by one for every MAC address mobility event, such as when a host moves from one Ethernet segment to another segment in the EVPN network. The PE device that receives multiple MAC advertisements for the same MAC address chooses the one with the highest sequence number as the most recent and valid advertisement.
NEW QUESTION # 60
By default, which statement is correct about OSPF summary LSAs?
- A. The area-range command must be installed on all routers.
- B. The metric associated with a summary route will be equal to the lowest metric associated with an individual contributing route.
- C. Type 3 LSAs are advertised for routes in Type 1 LSAs.
- D. All Type 2 and Type 7 LSAs will be summarized into a single Type 5 LSA.
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 61
You want to ensure that L1 IS-IS routers have only the most specific routes available from L2 IS-IS routers.
Which action accomplishes this task?
- A. Configure all routers to allow wide metrics.
- B. Configure all routers to be L1.
- C. Configure the ignore-attached-bit parameter on all L1 routers
- D. Configure the ignore-attached-bit parameter on all L2 routers.
Answer: C
Explanation:
The attached bit is a flag in an IS-IS LSP that indicates whether a router is connected to another area or level (L2) of the network. By default, L2 routers set this bit when they advertise their LSPs to L1 routers, and L1 routers use this bit to select a default route to reach other areas or levels through L2 routers. However, this may result in suboptimal routing if there are multiple L2 routers with different paths to other areas or levels.
To ensure that L1 routers have only the most specific routes available from L2 routers, you can configure the ignore-attached-bit parameter on all L1 routers. This makes L1 routers ignore the attached bit and install all interarea routes learned from L2 routers in their routing tables.
NEW QUESTION # 62
You are troubleshooting an issue for a customer site that uses 10.10.0.0/24 in AS 65224, but you see another AS in the AS path.
Referring to the exhibit, what is the cause of the problem?
- A. AS 65000 is pre-pending AS 65137 to route advertisements.
- B. AS 65137 is advertising the 10.10.0.0/24 prefix.
- C. The local AS is receiving two equal cost routes to 10.10.0.0/24.
- D. The local AS is in the process of withdrawing the route from AS 65137.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 63
Exhibit
CE-1 and CE-2 are part of a VPLS called Customer1 No connectivity exists between CE-1 and CE-2. In the process of troubleshooting, you notice PE-1 is not learning any routes for this VPLS from PE-2, and PE-2 is not learning any routes for this VPLS from PE-1.
- A. The route target must match on PE-1 and PE-2.
- B. The instance type should be changed to I2vpn.
- C. The route distinguisher must match on PE-1 and PE-2.
- D. The no-tunnel-services statement should be deleted on both PEs.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
VPLS is a technology that provides Layer 2 VPN services over an MPLS network. VPLS uses BGP as its control protocol to exchange VPN membership information between PE routers. The route target is a BGP extended community attribute that identifies which VPN a route belongs to. The route target must match on PE routers that participate in the same VPLS instance, otherwise they will not accept or advertise routes for that VPLS.
NEW QUESTION # 64
A router running IS-IS is configured with an ISO address of 49.0001.00a0.c96b.c490.00.
Which part of this address is the system ID?
- A. c490 is the system identifier.
- B. 00a0.c96b.c490 is the system identifier.
- C. 0001.00a0.c96b.c490 is the system identifier.
- D. c96b.c490 is the system identifier.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 65
Exhibit
The network shown in the exhibit is based on IS-IS
Which statement is correct in this scenario?
- A. The routers are using unnumbered interfaces
- B. The NSEL byte for Area 0001 is 00.
- C. The system IDofR1_2 is 192.168.16.1
- D. The area address is two bytes.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
IS-IS is an interior gateway protocol that uses link-state routing to exchange routing information among routers within a single autonomous system. IS-IS uses two types of addresses to identify routers and areas:
system ID and area address. The system ID is a unique identifier for each router in an IS-IS domain. The system ID is 6 octets long and can be derived from the MAC address or manually configured. The area address is a variable-length identifier for each area in an IS-IS domain. The area address can be 1 to 13 octets long and is composed of high-order octets of the address. An IS-IS instance may be assigned multiple area addresses, which are considered synonymous. Multiple synonymous area addresses are useful when merging or splitting areas in the domain1. In this question, we have a network based on IS-IS with four routers (R1_1, R1_2, R2_1, and R2_2) belonging to area 0001. The area address for area 0001 is 49.0001. The NSEL byte for area 0001 is the last octet of the address, which is 01. The NSEL byte stands for Network Service Access Point Selector (NSAP Selector) and indicates the type of service requested from the network layer2. Therefore, the correct statement in this scenario is that the NSEL byte for area 0001 is 01.
References: 1:
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/iproute_isis/configuration/xe-16/irs-xe-16-book/irs-ovrvw-cf.
2:
https://www.juniper.net/documentation/us/en/software/junos/is-is/topics/concept/is-is-routing-overview.html
NEW QUESTION # 66
You are attempting to summarize routes from the 203.0.113.128/25 IP block on R8 to AS 64500.
You implement the export policy shown in the exhibit and all routes from the routing table stop being advertised.
In this scenario, which two steps would you take to summarize the route in BGP? (Choose two.)
- A. Remove the from protocol bgp command from the export policy.
- B. Add the set protocols bgp family inet unicast add-path command to allow additional routes to the RIB tables.
- C. Add the set routing-options aggregate route 203.0.113.128/25 command.
- D. Replace exact in the export policy with orlonger.
Answer: C,D
NEW QUESTION # 67
CE-1 and CE-2 are part of a VPLS called Customer1. No connectivity exists between CE-1 and CE-2. In the process of troubleshooting, you notice PE-1 is not learning any routes for this VPLS from PE-2, and PE-2 is not learning any routes for this VPLS from PE-1.
Referring to the exhibit, which statement is correct?
- A. The instance type should be changed to l2vpn.
- B. The route target must match on PE-1 and PE-2.
- C. The route distinguisher must match on PE-1 and PE-2.
- D. The no-tunnel-services statement should be deleted on both PEs.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 68
You want Site 1 to access three VLANs that are located in Site 2 and Site 3. The customer-facing interface on the PE-1 router is configured for Ethernet-VLAN encapsulation.
What is the minimum number of L2VPN routing instances to be configured to accomplish this task?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 69
Exhibit
You want Site 1 to access three VLANs that are located in Site 2 and Site 3 The customer-facing interface on the PE-1 router is configured for Ethernet-VLAN encapsulation.
What is the minimum number of L2VPN routing instances to be configured to accomplish this task?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
To allow Site 1 to access three VLANs that are located in Site 2 and Site 3, you need to configure three L2VPN routing instances on PE-1, one for each VLAN. Each L2VPN routing instance will have a different VLAN ID and a different VNI for VXLAN encapsulation. Each L2VPN routing instance will also have a different vrf-target export value to identify which VPN routes belong to which VLAN. This way, PE-1 can forward traffic from Site 1 to Site 2 and Site 3 based on the VLAN tags and VNIs.
NEW QUESTION # 70
Exhibit
A network designer would like to create a summary route as shown in the exhibit, but the configuration is not working.
Which three configuration changes will create a summary route? (Choose three.)
- A. set policy-options policy-statement leak-v6 term DC-routes from route-filter 2001:db9:a:faOO::/61 exact
- B. delete policy-options policy-statement leak-v6 term DC-routes from route-filter 2001: db9 :a: fa00 : :/6l longer
- C. delete protocols isis export summary-v6
- D. set protocols isis import summary-v6
- E. set policy-options policy-statement leak-v6 term DC-routes then reject
Answer: A,B,C
Explanation:
Explanation
To create a summary route for IS-IS, you need to configure a policy statement that matches the prefixes to be summarized and sets the next-hop to discard. You also need to configure a summary-address statement under the IS-IS protocol hierarchy that references the policy statement. In this case, the policy statement leak-v6 is trying to match the prefix 2001:db9:a:fa00::/61 exactly, but this prefix is not advertised by any router in the network. Therefore, no summary route is created. To fix this, you need to delete the longer keyword from the route-filter term and change the prefix length to /61 exact. This will match any prefix that falls within the /61 range. You also need to delete the export statement under protocols isis, because this will export all routes that match the policy statement to other IS-IS routers, which is not desired for a summary route.
NEW QUESTION # 71
Which two statements are correct about the customer interface in an LDP-signaled pseudowire? (Choose two)
- A. When the encapsulation is vLan-ccc or extended-vlan-ccc, the configured VLAN tag is included in the control plane LDP advertisement
- B. When the encapsulation is ethemet-ccc, tagged and untagged frames are both accepted in the data plane.
- C. When the encapsulation is vlan-ccc or extended-vlan-ccc, the configured VLAN tag is not included in the control plane LDP advertisement
- D. When the encapsulation is ethernet-ccc, only frames without a VLAN tag are accepted in the data plane
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
The customer interface in an LDP-signaled pseudowire is the interface on the PE router that connects to the CE device. An LDP-signaled pseudowire is a type of Layer 2 circuit that uses LDP to establish a point-to-point connection between two PE routers over an MPLS network. The customer interface can have different encapsulation types depending on the type of traffic that is carried over the pseudowire. The encapsulation types are ethernet-ccc, vlan-ccc, extended-vlan-ccc, atm-ccc, frame-relay-ccc, ppp-ccc, cisco-hdlc-ccc, and tcc-ccc. Depending on the encapsulation type, the customer interface can accept or reject tagged or untagged frames in the data plane, and include or exclude VLAN tags in the control plane LDP advertisement. The following table summarizes the behavior of different encapsulation types:
NEW QUESTION # 72
Which origin code is preferred by BGP?
- A. External
- B. Null
- C. Internal
- D. Incomplete
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
BGP uses several attributes to select the best path for a destination prefix. One of these attributes is origin, which indicates how BGP learned about a route. The origin attribute can have one of three values: IGP, EGP, or Incomplete. IGP means that the route was originated by a network or aggregate statement within BGP or by redistribution from an IGP into BGP. EGP means that the route was learned from an external BGP peer (this value is obsolete since BGP version 4). Incomplete means that the route was learned by some other means, such as redistribution from a static route into BGP. BGP prefers routes with lower origin values, so Incomplete is preferred over EGP, which is preferred over IGP.
NEW QUESTION # 73
You are responding to an RFP for a new MPLS VPN implementation. The solution must use LDP for signaling and support Layer 2 connectivity without using BGP The solution must be scalable and support multiple VPN connections over a single MPLS LSP The customer wants to maintain all routing for their Private network In this scenario, which solution do you propose?
- A. translational cross-connect
- B. circuit cross-connect
- C. BGP Layer 2 VPN
- D. LDP Layer 2 circuit
Answer: D
Explanation:
AToM (Any Transport over MPLS) is a framework that supports various Layer 2 transport types over an MPLS network core. One of the transport types supported by AToM is LDP Layer 2 circuit, which is a point-to-point Layer 2 connection that uses LDP for signaling and MPLS for forwarding. LDP Layer 2 circuit can support Layer 2 connectivity without using BGP and can be scalable and efficient by using a single MPLS LSP for multiple VPN connections. The customer can maintain all routing for their private network by using their own CE switches.
NEW QUESTION # 74
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